WHY IS RED BLUFF SUCH A HOT SPOT FOR
UFO  / CATTLE MUTILATION ACTIVITY?

CLOSEST AIRPORTS
Airports certified for carrier operations nearest to Red Bluff:
  • REDDING MUNI (about 23 miles; REDDING, CA; ID: RDD)
  • CHICO MUNI (about 39 miles; CHICO, CA; ID: CIC)
  • BEALE AFB (about 91 miles; MARYSVILLE, CA; ID: BAB)
Other public-use airports nearest to Red Bluff:
  • RED BLUFF MUNI (about 3 miles; RED BLUFF, CA; ID: RBL)
  • CORNING MUNI (about 18 miles; CORNING, CA; ID: 0O4)
  • BENTON FIELD (about 30 miles; REDDING, CA; ID: O85)

AREA STATISTICS

 

Subj: Crop circles reported in Red Bluff, Tehama County, California 
Date: 5/15/2007
From: jeff.wilson@asmnet.com
To: JMason4557@aol.com

Sent: Tuesday, May 15, 2007 1:45 PM
Subject: Crop circles reported in Red Bluff, Tehama County, California
Importance: High

 

Dear all,

 

Mark Fussell from the Crop Circle Connector forwarded me an email from a reporter from the Record Searchlight regarding a reported crop circle located in Red Bluff, Tehama County, California.  A competing newspaper the Red Bluff Daily News wrote the original report.  Here it is quoted in its’ entirety:

 

“Three crop circles could be seen in the field across the street from Helser Chevrolet on Adobe Road in Red Bluff Friday. Red Bluff police said they were aware of the circles but had not received any calls on the matter and were not investigating.”

 

The report included two photos:

 

Daily News photo by Rebecca Wolf
 

 

I tracked down the location of the field, and it is located alongside the Sacramento River:
 

 

I’ve contacted Steve Moreno (a founding member of the ICCRA) who is Director of PsiApplications, and Ruben Uriarte (ICCRA) who is also a MUFON CA state director.  They are on their way to do an on-site investigation, so more details will be pending.  Right now, the only details we have is that the crop circle was first reported on Friday, May 11, 2007 and that there are three circles in the field.  Lots more work to do…

 

Red Bluff, California is notable as being the location of where Ishi, “the last wild Indian in North America,” came out of the wilderness (just to the west of Red Bluff) back in 1911; Ishi was the last remaining member of the Yahi tribe.  There were Indian mounds that were excavated in Red Bluff (the Tehama-Red Bluff Mounds) back in 1907, and there are more than 250 recorded ancient settlement sites along the Sacramento River in Tehama County.  Red Bluff is located about 40 miles south of Mt. Shasta and 40 miles west of the Lassen Volcanic National Park.

 

More details to come…stay tuned.

 

All the best,

 

Jeffrey Wilson, Director 

ICCRA – Independent Crop Circle Researchers’ Association [International]

jeff.wilson@asmnet.com or jeff.wilson@adelphia.net

http://www.cropcirclenews.com/  

734-891-2689 (cell)

 

I did some research on the internet for Red Bluff to see if any other crop circles have been made in the area and found this:

 

01/13/2006 -- 31st Cattle Mutilation on Red Bluff, California Ranch  on Linda Moulton Howe's website.
http://www.earthfiles.com/news/news.cfm?ID=1197&category=Environment

 

"We've had a young calf dropped through trees
because he had his legs intertwined with tree branches."
 - Rancher Jean Barton

 

 

In Red Bluff, California, the Jean and Bill Barton ranch has suffered 31 cattle mutilations over the past decade. A few miles north, a rancher in Anderson, California, had cattle mutilations in 1999 and 2004. 
January 13, 2006  Red Bluff, California - For the past half century, unusual deaths that law enforcement call "animal mutilations" have been reported around the world. Both domestic animals and wild game have been affected, especially horses and cattle. Ranchers and law enforcement have long been puzzled because animals are found with the same pattern of hide and tissue removed ­ usually without blood ­ from the head, sexual organs, and vaginal/rectal area. There are no signs of struggle or tracks around the dead animals, not even the animal's own tracks. That peculiar fact provoked law enforcement long ago to wonder if the mutilators came in and out of pastures from the sky?

Many ranchers have also speculated that their mutilated animals have been cut with lasers because of the bloodless nature of the excisions. In fact, pathology exams over the years have confirmed in some mutilations that cuts were made with heat energy of some kind. But another puzzle is the lack of carbon residue at the heated cut lines. Earth life is carbon-based and normal laser surgery always leaves some black carbon on surgical excisions which can be seen under a microscope.

 January 17, 1997, Barton Ranch - Pure Hemoglobin Particles On Mutilated Bull

Biophysicist W. C. Levengood in Grass Lake, Michigan, thinks a very complex set of energies are involved. He began studying soil and grass samples from mutilation sites. A similar pattern of respiration changes in plant cell mitochondria were repeatedly confirmed around animal mutilation sites, including grass collected near the rectum of a mutilated bull discovered in northern California on the Jean and Bill Barton Ranch in Red Bluff, on January 17, 1997, south of Redding.

Dead and mutilated 2,000 pound bull discovered January 17, 1997,
by owners Jean and Bill Barton on their winter ranch near Red Bluff, California.

BLT Research, Inc. field investigator, Jean Bilodeaux, collected tissue, grass and soil samples, including unusual hardened dark particles from bull's testicles and chest near excision. Photograph on January 18 © 1997 by Jean Barton.

The Bartons were checking their cattle from horseback at their winter ranch when they found their 2,000-pound Black Angus bull dead and mutilated in a remote field strewn with volcanic rocks which can only be reached on foot or horseback.

Field investigator Jean Bilodeaux discovered an unusual substance on the bull's chest and testicles that was black and hard. Biophysicist Levengood confirmed the substance was pure bovine hemoglobin that could only be produced by complex laboratory centrifuge processes. He told me:

"To do this, you need to break down the cell membranes to the erythrocytes and leukocytes to remove the hemoglobin molecules. That requires a laboratory procedure with very precise biochemical steps. It's totally incomprehensible how the hemoglobin could be removed in the middle of the night out in the middle of a pasture and be separated from all the other cellular components and some of it sprayed on the dead animal."
Dehydrated fragment from black particles found on chest hide of mutilated bull discovered in Red Bluff, California,

January 17, 1997. This photomicrograph (450x) shows uninterrupted "mud crack"-type patterns and no indication of cellular structures such as erythrocytes and leukocytes. Analytical chemistry analysis determined this is pure bovine hemoglobin. Photomicrograph © 1997 by W. C. Levengood.
 

August 7, 2004 - Anderson, California Ranch

North of the Barton Ranch in Anderson, California, on August 7, 2004, a dead and mutilated female calf only two or three days old was found dead with neat, bloodless excisions that resembled an earlier mutilation. A veterinarian took photographs of that older cow and told the rancher there was no explanation for how the animal's jaw flesh, eyeballs, udder, rectal and vaginal tissue had been so precisely and bloodlessly removed. Then in August 2004, the newborn heifer suffered the same fate.

Newborn female calf found dead and mutilated mid-day on August 7, 2004,
on the Harry and Carole Hawes ranch in Anderson, California.
Photograph © 2004 by Carole Hawes.

 
January 4, 2005 - Barton Ranch

Five months later on January 4, 2005, back south on the Red Bluff ranch, Jean and Bill Barton found another of their bulls dead and mutilated at the bottom of a steep hill.

 


Bull found dead with bloodless excisions January 4, 2005, on the Barton Ranch.
Photographs © 2005 by Jean Barton.

 

 

 

January 5, 2006 - Barton Ranch, 31st Cattle Mutilation

One year after that on January 5, 2006, the Bartons found yet another bull at the bottom of the same steep hill, surrounded by rain water and mud, but no signs of a death struggle or any other tracks.

 


Another bull found dead with bloodless excisions January 5, 2006, on the Barton Ranch
in same remote and rocky field. Photograph © 2006 by Jean Barton.

 


Bull was discovered January 5, 2006, with its right jaw stripped of all flesh, the tongue was removed,
the right eye was gone, the right ear was cut straight across at the ear tag, and the rectum
was cored out. Photograph © 2006 by Jean Barton.
 

Interview:

Jean Barton, ranching with husband, Bill Barton, for 50 years, Red Bluff, California: "When I approached it, I noticed that the rectum was cut out in a beautiful smooth circle, just like most all of them are completely circular. Then over in the stomach area were straight edges of the cuts on the hide. Then when I looked at the head, the jawbone was clean of flesh and hide, just like the very first crossbred cow ten years ago that got me started (with the ranch cattle mutilations). Then when I looked closer, there was no eyeball, although it was not cored out like some of them have been.
 
Then on the ear, there was the ear tag # 726 and a straight cut across the ear. Usually, they are completely gone down by the base of the skull. But this one, probably because of the ear tag, was just a clip.

WHAT ABOUT THE TONGUE AND TEETH?

I believe all the teeth were there. I'm starting now to see if there are missing teeth, but I think they were all there. But the tongue was completely gone because they always are gone, at least the ones I find.

IT APPEARS THAT THIS BULL THAT IS ABOUT 2-YEARS-OLD IS AT THE BOTTOM OF A HILL OR CLIFF AND THERE ARE AN AWFUL LOT OF ROCKS AROUND.

Our cattle range on rocks here east of Red Bluff and the bull is lying down near the bottom of the gully. It's a dry stream bed most of the year, but we've had lots of rain and there is water around the bull's body.

HAD THERE BEEN OTHER CATTLE GRAZING IN THAT AREA?

Yes, all our cows were grazing in that several hundred acre field.

IS HE THE ONLY ANIMAL THAT SEEMED TO BE AFFECTED BY WHATEVER HAPPENED?

As of January 5, 2006, yes. But we lost a bull last year in the same field on January 4, 2005. Then earlier, back in January 1997, we lost another bull in that field.

IS THERE ANYTHING ABOUT JANUARY?

I have no idea why we have lost two of them in January. I think the other one was in February.

High Strangeness in Barton Ranch Cattle Deaths

COULD YOU GIVE A HISTORY OF WHAT IS NOW 31 UNUSUAL ANIMAL DEATHS ON YOUR RANCH IN RED BLUFF, CALIFORNIA, OVER THE LAST DECADE?

The first two were cows that had just calved about three weeks before and they each had bull calves. That was on our summer grazing in the Lassen National Forest on Papoose Meadow. They were the first two that we really knew what we were finding.

The very first animal that we lost up there in Susanville when the vet came out with the deputy sheriff and did a necropsy of the two cows. It was the laser cut with no blood. That's the other thing ­ but it's so common to me that I just never mentioned it. No blood!

WHICH IS CLASSIC WITH THE UNUSUAL ANIMAL DEATHS LINKED TO EXTRATERRESTRIAL BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES IN OUR GOVERNMENT'S OWN LEAKED DOCUMENTS. BUT WHEN I HAVE GONE TO UNIVERSITIES THAT STUDY PREDATOR ATTACKS, YOU FIND THAT THERE IS BLOOD ALL OVER THE PLACE IN ALL OF THEIR PHOTOS.

Oh, yes. And the twitching of the front legs and hind legs as they die. My cattle, they just drop. There is no movement of the legs.

NO SIGN OF STRUGGLE ON THE GROUND.

Correct. Since then, we've had newborns. They've never walked on the ground! They were instantly killed.

We've had a young calf dropped through trees because he had his legs intertwined with tree branches. There is also a neighbor up in the Anderson, California, area that you investigated his cows. And they seem to have been dropped from trees.

RIGHT. AND IN MY BOOK, GLIMPSES OF OTHER REALITIES, VOL. II, ONE OF THE FEW EYEWITNESSES TO HIGHLY STRANGE LUMINOUS OBJECTS IN THE SKY AND BEAMS OF LIGHT DESCRIBED THE CRATERS IN THE GROUND WHERE MUTILATED ANIMALS HAD DROPPED FROM THOSE GLOWING LIGHTS INTO THE GROUND HARD ENOUGH TO CREATE CRATERS AROUND THEIR BODY.

I don't know about craters, but we did have that horned cow of our neighbor's that was running with our cattle up in the mountains and she was dropped and the horn was embedded in the ground. I could not lift her head to pull that horn out. It took two men to pull the horn out of the ground.

She was cooked! By that, I mean, the interior of her body instead of moist contents was dry like corn flakes. And there was black searing on the bones, the rib bones, and the hair around the cut.

DID YOU HAVE A VETERINARIAN OR LAW ENFORCEMENT LOOK AT THAT ANIMAL?

No. Wait, we did, because the tracker came to that one. He was a professional tracker and he came with U. S. Forest personnel or deputy sheriff ­ one or the other. He walked around looking for signs of cars or man or something because it was a fresh meadow that we had just put the cows in within the week. So, it was not beaten down very much. He could not find anything ­ not even coyote tracks.

We've had yearlings, oh ­ heifer calves three months old that were bouncing around one day on the feeding strip one day when we were feeding hay and the next day they were dead. That one we sent to the U. of Calif. ­ Davis Veterinary Lab for forensics. And they said it just died.

THEY HAD NO EXPLANATION FOR THE CUTS?

No. Or the fact that the intestine on the outer 16 inches was missing. But it was dead and they presented us with a bill, so now we just don't bother with that. To have the local deputy sheriff come out ­ 'Oh, that's a coyote.' (laughs) When they all have the same cuts, it just isn't worthwhile of my time (to contact authorities anymore).

We've lost ­ oh, the beautiful yearling heifer. She was just a gorgeous ­ one of my pets at Eagle Lake. You came up and investigated. That one was really weird because within two weeks, her skull was bare of all flesh and hide.

And the yellow jackets ­ they were biting us when we were away from the body. But when we were close to the body, we were immune. And she also had the hair on the back of her neck and the center of her back standing upright.

AND WE ALL TALKED ABOUT THE FACT THAT THERE MUST HAVE BEEN SOME RESIDUAL ENERGY TO KEEP THE YELLOW JACKETS AWAY FROM THAT BODY.

Yes. Everybody got bit as soon as they got away from that animal. That was really strange.

Who? - or What? - Is Killing and Mutilating
Barton Ranch Cattle?

WHAT IS IT ABOUT THESE ANIMALS SINCE 1995 THAT HAVE CONVINCED YOU THAT PREDATION SUCH AS COYOTES CANNOT BE THE EXPLANATION?

We had a very intelligent deputy sheriff up in Lassen County who had gone on the internet and read about cattle mutilations down in Alabama. They had the same things missing that our two cows were missing. You started putting the pieces together ­ and then I met you. I was really resistant at the time, but you wanted grass samples for Dr. Levengood. Those grass samples kind of convinced me that something strange was going on.

A lady on the west side of Red Bluff called and had me come out and look at the pictures she had taken of a deer that was killed. It was within the city limits of the town, but it was in a shed and it was missing the rectum and various parts, just like a cow.

We have some oak trees along the creek. We used to calve our cows in this 30-acre field. This young calf - he was maybe a week old or so - and we found him in the bottom of a gully. He was underneath a tree, but the way the sticks were ­ it was just impossible to have died with his legs like that because one part of the stick was on top of his front leg and the other was underneath his hind legs.

THE IMPLICATION IS THAT HE HAD FALLEN THROUGH THE BRANCHES OF THE TREE?

Well, that's my guess.

YOU'VE BEEN DEALING WITH THIS AT LEAST TEN YEARS. YOU'RE LOST 31 ANIMALS. HOW MUCH LONGER CAN THIS GO ON WITHOUT SOMETHING BREAKING ABOUT THE ACTUAL TRUTH OF SOMETHING THAT IS NOT HUMAN INVOLVED WITH ALL THESE ANIMAL DEATHS AROUND THE WORLD?

I imagine it will be another generation.

BECAUSE?

It's something that is not politically correct to talk about.

AND TO THINK THAT HUMANS WILL NOT ADDRESS IT FOR WHAT IT IS?

Well, Linda, you're about the only person that I know of that addresses this subject and let's us know about it. I don't read about the Argentina and Chile and other South American countries and Australia having cattle mutilations. Except in Earthfiles.com.

Extraterrestrial Biological Entities?

WHEN YOU PERSONALLY THINK ABOUT THE ISSUE OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES BEING INVOLVED WITH ALL OF THESE ANIMAL DEATHS ON YOUR RANCH IN CALIFORNIA FOR AT LEAST A DECADE, WHAT, JEAN, DO YOU THINK ABOUT IN TERMS OF WHY?

I think they are collecting blood. I think they are collecting ­ well, they go for the sexual organs, they go for the eyes, for the tongue, and the blood is drained.

DOES THAT ADD UP TO ANYTHING FOR YOU INTUITIVELY?

Yes, but I'm not going to say it out loud!

DO YOU MEAN LIKE A GENETIC HARVEST?

I agree.

IF IT IS A GENETIC HARVEST, WHY DOES IT GO ON YEAR AFTER YEAR AFTER YEAR, LITERALLY FOR DECADES? ONE MAN SAID TO ME, 'PERHAPS CENTURIES.'

That's possible. I honestly don't know. But when the blood is gone and the sexual organs so many times.

AND WHAT COULD IT ALL BE USED FOR?

That's a good question."


 

 

8/3/00 23:30  Red Bluff  CA  Cylinder

 

 5 seconds   cylindrical shape, looked like the alien space craft from the Startrek movie IV: The Voyage Home, minus the floating ball beneath it.


http://www.nuforc.org/webreports/ndxe200008.html

 

  • Sightings of 60s:

Aug 13: Two California Highway Patrol officers chase a UFO for two hours near Red Bluff, they also experience radio when they attempt to communicate with the dispatcher.
 

  • Red-Bluff Incident:Corning, California,August 13, 1960(11:50 p.m.)
    California Highway Patrol Officers Charles A. Carson and Stanley Scott were patrolling on Hoag Road, east of Corning, California when they saw what looked like a huge airliner descending from the sky in front of them. Thinking that a plane was about to crash, they stopped and got out of the car to get a better look. They watched as the object descended in complete silence to about 100 to 200 feet from the ground, then suddenly reversed and climbed back to about 500 feet from the ground and stopped. Officer Carson described it in a police teletype report:
     
    At this time it was clearly visible to both of us. It was surrounded by a glow making the round or oblong object visible. At each end, or each side of the object, there were definite red lights. At times about five white lights were visible between the red lights. As we watched the object moved again and performed aerial feats that were actually unbelievable.
    The officers radioed the Tehama County Sheriff's Office and asked Deputy Clarence Fry to contact the local Air Force radar station at Red Bluff. Deputy Fry reported back that the radar station verified that an unidentified object was visible on radar.As they continued to watch the object,On two occasions the object came directly towards the patrol vehicle; each time it approached, the object turned, swept the area with a huge red light. Officer Scott turned the red light on the patrol vehicle towards the object, and it immediately went away from us. We observed the object use the red beam approximately 6 or 7 times, sweeping the sky and ground areas. The object then began to move slowly to the east, and the officers followed. When they had reached the Vina Plains Fire Station, the object was approached by a second object that came from the south. The second object moved near to the first and both stopped and hovered for some time, occasionally emitting red beams. After a time, both objects vanished below the eastern horizon. They had observed the first object for a total of about two hours and fifteen minutes.

    When they returned to the Tehama County Sheriff's Office, they found that the object had also been seen by Deputies Fry and Montgomery, as well as by the night jailer. All described the same thing.

    The next day, Officers Carson and Scott drove to the Red Bluff Air Station to discuss the sighting and to speak to the operator that had seen it on radar. The Air Force, however, now denied that the object had been seen on radar, contradicting what the radar operator had told Deputy Fry the night before. The visit was completely unproductive.

    More information regarding the sighting was obtained by NICAP(National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena) advisor Walter N. Webb, who contacted Carson and
    received a copy of the report, drawings of the object, and a letter from Carson.

    In the letter, dated November 14, 1960, Carson said:
    We made several attempts to follow it, or I should say get closer to it, but the object seemed aware of us and we were more successful remaining motionless and allow it to approach us, which it did on several occasions.
    In the original report, Carson also mentioned that:

    Each time the object neared us, we experienced radio interference.
    Again, from the letter to Webb:

    The object was shaped like a football, the edges, or I should say outside of the object were clear to us...[the] glow was emitted by the object, was not a reflection of other lights.

    The Official Explanation

    What was the "official" explanation for the sighting? In a letter to a NICAP member, the Air Force said: The findings [are] that the individuals concerned witnessed a refraction of the planet Mars and the bright stars Aldebaran and Betelgeux. . . [temperature inversions] contributed to the phenomena as the planet Mars was quite low in the skies and the inversion caused it to be projected upward.
    They also said:
     
    A contributing factor to the sightings could have been the layer of smoke which hung over the area in a thin stratiform layer. This smoke came from the forest fires in the area hung in layer due to the stable conditions associated with the inversions.
    When NICAP pointed out that Mars, Aldebaran, and Betelgeuse were all below the horizon at the time of the sighting, the Air Force changed the star involved to Capella, which was slightly above the eastern horizon at the time. They neglected to explain the fact that, as the sighting progressed, Capella would have risen in the sky, whereas the objects disappeared below the eastern horizon at the end of the sighting.

    Officer Carson had this to say about the Air Force explanations:
     
    ...I have been told we saw Northern lights, a weather balloon, and now refractions. ?I served 4 years with the Air Force, I believe I am familiar with the Northern lights, also weather balloons. Officer Scott served as a paratrooper during the Korean Conflict. Both of us are aware of the tricks light can play on the eyes during darkness. We were aware of this at the time. Our observations and estimations of speed, size, etc. came from aligning the object with fixed objects on the horizon. I agree we find it difficult to believe what we were watching, but no one will ever convince us that we were witnessing a refraction of light.

    A check of the meteorological records of the area for that night by atmospheric physicist James E. MacDonald failed to find any evidence that would indicate the presence of a temperature inversion. Over the next week, similar sightings were reported, including another sighting the very next evening by Deputies Fry and Montgomery that was also seen by a Corning police officer.

 

 

 

 

Independent Crop Circle Researchers’ Association (International) [ICCRA]

 

The Independent Crop Circle Researchers’ Association (International) [ICCRA] began as a small cooperative group of individuals in the Midwestern United States who have long pursued serious research into the crop circle phenomenon with the principle of open collaboration. This ‘team’ of researchers has steadily grown in number, and has now included contributions from members of the crop circle research community from around the world.  Although all the researchers in this association are considered independent (and thereby retaining individual ownership of their work), the investigative community has recognized that the study of the various complexities and aspects of the crop circle phenomenon are beyond the abilities and resources of any one researcher or local group to study in sufficient depth. Hence, the need for a cooperative association and network dedicated to the widest and freest possible collection and dissemination of crop circle research. 

 

The ICCRA recognizes the need in the research community to collect and make available as much objectively verifiable knowledge and details about crop circles as possible, and so will continue to study and document crop formations using a scientific framework.  

 

The ICCRA is committed to working cooperatively with local farmers, respecting their property and conditions for granting permission and access to their fields, and can provide experienced consultation as to the ways they can cope with the existence of having a crop circle in their field.  We are also committed to working cooperatively with law enforcement agencies to assist them in assessing and investigating reported crop circles, exposing the vandalism of crop circle hoaxers, and assisting with advice on the management of visitors to the crop circle sites. 

 

The ICCRA began as a ‘core’ group of individuals cooperating as a rapid response team reacting to reports of local crop circles in order to study and document them. The ICCRA has recognized the need to expand the response network to include as many interested researchers as possible.  To facilitate this network, the ICCRA has begun a researcher directory so that when a crop circle is reported, the closest local investigators will be notified.  This will provide the best opportunity to investigate and document the site, and also gives the wider, international community a contact-resource for information and interaction in real time.
 

The ICCRA’s highest priority is the sharing of information and research with the wider research community. Reporting and sharing of news and field reports of formations is being carried out through http://www.cropcirclenews.com/.

 

To help standardize report information, researcher access to a worldwide crop circle database with professional-level GIS mapping capability is also being developed at this website which will not only document and share the information collected in a systematic manner, but will also provide new research opportunities.  This research center will also serve as a depository of information collected on historical sites, scientific reports, photos, previous field reports, the researcher directory, and links to further crop circle resources.  Many independent researchers have amassed valuable files over the years regarding this phenomenon. We encourage all such researchers to use this opportunity to enrich the wider community with your archived knowledge, while at the same time retaining ownership and credit for your years of effort. 

 

All interested researchers, and both new and previously established organizations and networks are invited to join this cooperative and collaborative effort to locate, study, document, and share information about crop circle formations, regardless of each individual’s personal hypothesis regarding the source cause of the authentic crop circle phenomenon, or their affiliations with any organizations.

  

 

 BACK TO: CROP CIRCLES - THEIR MEANING & CONNECTION TO DREAMS

 BACK TO:  UFOS & EXTRATERRESTRIALS