The Native American Tradition - from a Navajo Wedding Ceremony Now you have lit a fire and that fire should not go out. The two of you now have a fire that represents love, understanding and a philosophy of life. It will give you heat, food, warmth and happiness. The new fire represents a new beginning - a new life and a new family. The fire should keep burning; you should stay together. You have lit the fire for life, until old age separates you. 'Words of Power'; Voices from Indian America

NATIVE AMERICAN LAW American Indian Law Scientist Directory of Tribes - in the Lower 48 The Aboriginal Law and Legislation The Indian Child Welfare Act Links Senator Daniel K. Inouye Home Page U.S. Department of Interior Tribal Sovereignty and the Federal Communications Commission's Grant of Licenses U.S. Department of Interior - email addresses Treaty of Prairie du Chein Treaty 7 Tribal Council Treaties and Reports The Indian Defense League of America International Indian Treaty Council List of Federally Recognized Tribes Native American Rights Fund Legislation pertaining to American Indian languages National Indian Justice Center (NIJC) Native Political Action group Native American Political Issues Bureau of Indian Affairs BIA: Branch of Acknowledgement Native Organizations and Urban Indian Centers Listing of lands tribally owned. Canada-Indian Treaties Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act Native American Prison Issues New York Indian Law Selected United States Supreme Court Native American Law Decisions 18 U.S.C., Chapter 35 (Indians) Provides the full text and a keyword search. 28 U.S.C. § 1362 (Indian tribes) 42 U.S.C., Chapter 22 (Indian Hospitals and Health Facilities) Provides the full text and a keyword search. Fort laramie Treaty of 1868 with the Lakota and Dakota (Santee) Lakota Treaty of 1825: Teton River Lakota Treaty of 1825: Lookout River Lakota Treaty of 1851: Fort Laramie Agreement of 1882 with Lakota and Dakota People Federal Treaties Made with Individual Native Nations Alphabetical Gopher Listing The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 Tribal Sovereignity Indian Tribes - Population Rankings Native American Rights Fund (NARF) U.S. Department of Interior (Responsible for the Bureau of Indian Affairs) U.S. Department of Interior - email addresses Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Census Bureau Iroquois Constitution Laws and Treaties with the Cherokee, Choctaw, Flags of the Native Peoples of the US All US Tribes Main Access Map Index American Indian Reservation Summary BIA Criteria for Acknowledgement as an Indian Tribe Indian Tribal Courts of the Southwest Indian Identity: Who Is Drawing the Boundaries? Indian Nations: The United States and Citizenship 1983 Map of Native American Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks Smithsonian Institution Native American Population Statistics US Census statitics for 1980 and 1990 compared for Native Americans Native American Socio-Economic Characteristics Education, Occupation, Income American Indian College Fund Supports Native American students AIGC The American Indian Graduate Center AISTECNet The American Indian Science & Technology Education Consortium Network web site. Native Education Directory Organizations and resources for educators of Native Americans.  Native American Languages Spoken in the Home Tribal Leaders Discuss the Importance of the April 1, 2000 U.S. Census Tribal Leaders List and Agency Information Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Census Bureau General Information U.S. Federal and State Reservation Map When is a Tribe a Tribe? Native American Documents Project Cal State at San Marcos: Professor E. Schwartz Native American Constitution and Law Digitalization Project Tribal constitutions and codes are the heart of  self-government for over 500 federally recognized tribes, and are the lifeblood of Indian sovereignty.  The University of Oklahoma Law Center Library and the National Indian Law Library work with tribes whose  government documents appear on this web site; these tribal documents are either placed online with the permission  of the tribes, or they are U.S. Government documents, rightfully in the public domain. Treaties by Nation Native American Web Services (Nawebs) has published nearly 400 downloadable full-length treaties.  Code Talk Code Talk is a federal inter-agency Native American website that provides information for  Native American communities. Code Talk is hosted by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,  Office of Native American Programs. EPA REGION 2 INDIAN PROGRAM U.S. Goverment Bills Concerning American Indians Big White Lies A THOUSAND LIES

Custers Last Stand George Armstrong Custer The Little Bighorn National Monument Battle of the Little Big Horn The Custer Battlefield National Monument 1986 The Little Big Horn Coverup Notes from The North American Indian E.S. Curtis The Battle of the Greasy Grass (c. 1898) by Mato Wanartaka (Lakota: 1846-1904). The Southwest Museum, Los Angeles The Battle of the Little Bighorn: Two Perspectives Two Views of the Greasy Grass Battle (Little BigHorn): The Native and the Non-Native One an Indian drawing by Red Horse, a Minneconjou Sioux, and an illustration which appeared in Harper's Weekly. Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association Is there still a Custer Battlefield? Indian Memorial at the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Momument Public Law 102-201 signed by President George Bush on December 10, 1991, renamed Custer Battlefield National Monument in Montana as Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument and called for the design and construction of a living memorial and monument to recognize the Indians who fought, on either side, to preserve their land and culture in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25-26, 1876. An Annoted Roster of the American Indian Participants in the Battle of the Little Bighorn Mato Wanartaka's (Kicking Bear's) Account of the Battle Indian Memorial at Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument "If this memorial is to serve its total purpose, it must not only be a tribute to the dead, ; it must contain a mesage for the living...power through unity..." Enos Poor Bear, Sr. , Oglala Lakota Elder Killing Custer A review of the book by Blackfeet-Gros Ventre author James Welch Red Horse A Lakota account of the battle Kate Bighead A Cheyenne's woman's account of the battle Custer's Last Stand - The Finale Battles Biography George Armstrong Custer (1839 - 1876) by THE WEST TV Series Biography George Crook (1828 - 1890) by THE WEST TV Series Tom Custer Died Alongside Brother George The Little Bighorn-Description of the events of "Custer's Last Stand" by ES Curtis. The Army's greatest Indian fighter, George Crook, may have contributed to Custer's defeat at Little Bighorn. However, during his last years he campaigned vigorously on behalf of the Lakota Indians. Cheif Red Cloud once said: "Crook never lied to us. His words gave people hope". FILMS Crazy Horse (1996 Col.) TV-film Michael Greyeyes. Chief Crazy Horse (1955 Col.) PLOT Summary. Crazy Horse (1943) Crazy Horse and Custer - The Untold Story (1990) Biography Marcus A. Reno (1834 - 1889) by THE WEST TV Series Officer in charge of the only unit to survive the battle of the Little Bighorn. Biography John Gibbon (1827 - 1896) by THE WEST TV Series Infantry Commander with General Custer at the battle of Little Bighorn and commander at other battles. Biography of Alfred H. Terry (1827 - 1890) by THE WEST TV Series A military commander under general Custer. Biography Philip Sheridan (1831 - 1888) by THE WEST TV Series A ruthless general during the wars against the plains Indians, with no concern for casualties among innocent non-warriors. Little Bighorn Coverup

Maps All U.S. Tribes Main Access Map Data Map for 1990 U.S. Census Statistics "Indian Territory" (1891) Pre-Dawes Act (1897) "SEC. 8. That the provisions of this act shall not extend to the territory occupied by the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Osage, Miamies and Peorias, and Sacs and Foxes, in the Indian Territory, nor to any of the reservations of the Seneca Nation of New York Indians in the State of New York, nor to that strip of territory in the State of Nebraska adjoining the Sioux Nation on the south added by executive order. " "Indian Territory" (1895)>/A> Pre-Dawes Act (1897) Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Tribes-Index by State Federally Non-Recognized U.S. Indian Tribes-Index By State Historical Map Showing the Western Tribes Indian Lands Judicially Established 1978 Indian Land Cessions by Tribe-Study Guide Indian Removals Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw Indian Tribes and Reservations From the BIA Geographic Data Service Center, Lakewood, Colorado. Deatailed clickable state and regional shaded relief maps. Maps: GIS Windows on Native Lands, Current Places, and History A Map of the traditional location of the Blackfeet and Cheyenne Nations (Smithsonian Institution, 1967) Native American Reservation Map and Archaeological Sites Navajo Reservation Rug Map North American Peoples and Cultures: Canada and the US North American Precontact Native Cultural Areas U.S. Federal and State Reservation Map

THE POTAWATAMI DEATH TRAIL The Story of the Potawatami Death Trail

THE TRAIL OF TEARS THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT BY President Andrew Jackson - 1830 The Indian Removal Act, signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, required all tribes east of the Mississippi to cede their land to the U.S. government and migrate to the western plains. The journey west, called the "Trail of Tears," took its tool on the four southern nations (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee) forced to move. Many Indians left behind comfortable homes and fertile farmlands, and one-third of the migrants perished in their new surroundings. This depiction of the Trail of Tears shows how little the Indians were able to take with them on their mandatory relocation. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 - The Trail of Tears Note: The Indian Removal Act empowered by president Andrew Jackson allowed the U.S. Government to move eastern Indians west of the Mississippi, mainly Cherokees. The purpose was to put pressure off arising conflicts since the flawed thinking was that the white settlements would never penetrate that part of the continent. The project was ill-conceived and culturally chauvinistic. Even the staunchest defenders of this act were admitting defeat at the time. In the spring and summer of 1838, more than 15,000 Cherokee were removed by the U.S. Army from their ancestral homelands in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. They were held in concentration camps through the summer and fall then forced to travel nearly 1,000 miles during an extremely harsh winter to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. It is estimated that almost 4,000 died of hunger, dysentery, exposure and other causes during the trek. Members of the tribe call the forced evacuation of their homelands and the horrendous journey "Nunahi-Duna-Dlo-Hilu-I", which translates to "Trail Where They Cried". The infamous removal concept was later refined into the reservation idea. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 North American Indian Removal Policy Andrew Jackson Addresses Congress.   Trail of Tears The Trail Where They Cried nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i The Cherokee Trail of Tears - 1838/1839 The Cherokee Trial of Tears - Timeline History of the Florida Indians Isaac McCoy Papers John G. Burnett's Story of the Removal of the Cherokee's The Trail of Tears Across Missouri The Trail of Tears, by Joan Gilbert Accounts of the "Cherokee Trail of Tears" Fighting For Our Lives Indian Removal Policy Black Seminoles The Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears Andrew Jackson and Cherokee Removal Quotations From The Trail Where They Cried The Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears The Removal Historical Documents - The Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears Association Indian Territory in U.S. history, name applied to the country set aside for Native Americans by the Indian Intercourse Act (1834). In the 1820s, the Federal government began moving the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, and Chickasaw) of the Southeast to lands West of the Mississippi River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 gave the President authority to designate specific lands for them, and in 1834 Congress formally approved the choice. The Indian Territory included present-day Oklahoma N and E of the Red River, as well as Kansas and Nebraska; the lands were delimited in 1854, however, by the creation of the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Tribes other than the original five also moved there, but each tribe maintained its own government. As white settlers continued to move westward, pressure to abolish the Indian Territory mounted. With the opening of W Oklahoma to whites in 1889 the way was prepared for the extinction of the territory, achieved in 1907 with the entrance of Oklahoma into the Union.

WOUNDED KNEE Wounded Knee (1890) Note: Wounded Knee Creek, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota December 29, 1890. For the Plains Indians this was the last act of defiance ending in a massacre carried out by Colonel James Forsyth's Seventh Cavalry. There would be no more battles but this 100+ years old memory is still a wound in many hearts. Perhaps the most famous Indian-fighting general in the U.S. Army at the time, General Nelson A. Miles, accused Forsyth of "blind stupidity or criminal indifference" and relieved him of command. General Miles called this "a useless slaughter of Indian women and children". But the war department, determined to portray this finalconfrontation of the Indian wars in a heroic light, stopped any further investigation of the incident. Wounded Knee: Historical facts and information - approved by traditional elders on the Pine Ridge and Cheyenne River reservations. The Murder of the Wind of Peace A Massacre Survivor Speaks... Dr. Wagner's Wounded Knee Testimony Bringing Lost Bird Home Medals of (dis) Honor The Medals of Wounded Knee Medals of dis-Honor ...more Medals of dis-Honor Medals of dis-Honor Campaign An email campaign has been initiated so as to force the U.S. Government to rescind the twenty medals of dis-Honor awarded participants in the Massacre at Wounded Knee. Your help is solicited...an input form is provided for your convenience Lieutenant Bascom Gets His Due.. Rescindment Petition Comments Senator McCain Responds to the Rescindment Petition My Response to McCain Wokiksuye Canpe Opi...a site dedicated to rescindment of the "medals of dis-Honor." So proudly the Army displays it's flag with over 170 battle streamers at the Pentagon, White House, West Point Military Academy, museums and Army posts throughout the world. The Pine Ridge battle streamer has the highest number of Congressional Medals of (dis)Honor (20) of all the streamers... Use of the Army Flag at EPA Events: The September 1999 directive from the EPA Office of Civil Rights, and the memorandum from The American Indian Advisory Committee. Heroes of Wounded Knee Creek - 1890 Wounded Knee Survivors Association Testimony - Senate Hearing, September 1990 A Chronology of Events Leading Up to the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre Note that the Massacre at Wounded Knee did not happen in a vacuum, it was not an unrelated incident. The fires of hatred and racism were fueled from many quarters and a volatility was building. Contributing a good deal of fuel were newspaper articles and editorials such as those mentioned below. "The death of Sitting Bull removes one of the obstacles to civilization...He was a greasy savage..." So reads an article published on Wednesday, Dec. 17, 1890 in the St. Louis Republic, St. Louis, Missouri. Writing in his newspaper the "The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer", Aberdeen, South Dakota, L. Frank Baum opined with regard to the Indian Nations, that "We cannot honestly regret their extermination..." Thus fueled was the murderous firestorm that was Wounded Knee. A Proposed Tribal Park? A Massacre, A Tribal Park, A Farce... Who Should We Believe? Wounded Knee...Are We About To Do It Again? Wounded Knee Landowners Reply to Wasichu... Wasichu Sculptress Proposes Wounded Knee Memorial The Wizard of Oz and Wounded Knee Aberdeen Touts A Racist Attack On An Attempt To Hold Baum Accountable For Genocidal Declarations Twisted Footnotes to Wounded Knee Commentary on Twisted Footnotes Acknowledge L. Frank Baum's (author of The Wizard of Oz) Genocidal Declarations Baum Petition Responses Supplements Sitting Bull, In Memory Black Hills Thievery Renewed Wasichu's Continuing Gall...the Buffalo Nickle Act Putting Enemy Heads On Pikes... a response to the Buffalo Nickle Act First Nations Site Index American Indian Movement Anna Mae Aquash Archive Please provide an opinion regarding this article/site. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BigFoot Speaks from the Grave Wounded Knee Massacre with photos The Murder of the Wind of Peace Wounded Knee Are we about to do it again? Black HIlls Thievery Attempt - Part I Black HIlls Thievery Attempt - Part II Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Chief Joseph Red Cloud Like Grass Before the Sickle Turning Hawk and American Horse The Native account of the massacre Wounded Knee South Dakota Wovoka-The Messiah The Ghost Dance Lakota Oral History Chief Bigfoot National Memorial Park Assist the Elders LYCOS Links to Wounded Knee

Native American maple sugar	food, health, and nutrition	Indiginous agriculture
Ethnobotany	Native Seeds	Eastern Native Seed Conservancy
Plants and trees	Native American use of fire	Indiginous plant uses of the Northeast
Native American history of corn	NATIVE RECIPES

Lummi Nation - - 1	Tulalip Tribes - - 2	Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe - - 3	Shoalwater Bay Tribe - - 4
Washoe Tribe of Nevada & California - - 5	Reno Sparks Indian Colony - - 6	Lovelock Paiute Tribe - - 7	Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians - - 8
Sycuau Tribe-Morougo Band - - 9	Salt River Pima Maricopa Tribe - - 10	San Carlos Apache - - 11	Hopi Tribe - - 12
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes - - 13		Santa Clara Pueblo - - 15	Shoshone Tribe - - 16
Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes - - 17	Sac & Fox Nation of Oklahoma - - 18	Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma - - 19	Cherokee Nation - - 20
Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma - - 21	Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma - - 22	Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma - - 23	Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians - - 24
Poarch Band of Creek Indians - - 25	Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa - - 26	Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe - - 27	Ho'Chunk Nation - - 28
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa - - 29	Menominee Indian Tribe - - 30	Oneida Tribe - - 31	Chippewa Cree Tribe of the Rocky Boy's Reservation - - 32

The History Channel: Each month the History Channel takes new explorations into the past